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Angles that measure less than 1 are usually represented as fractions or decimals. For example, one360 thousandth of the way around a circle is either 1000 or 0.36 . In some fields, such as navigation and astronomy, small angles are measured in minutes and seconds. One degree is comprised of 60 minutes, written 1 60 . A minute is 60 seconds, written 1 60 . In this 21 36 1296 360 notation, one-thousandth of a circle is 21 36 because 60 3600 3600 1000 .

class Rational { friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const Rational&); public: Rational(int n=O, int d=l) : num(n), den(d) { int& operator[] (int); // other declarations go here private: int num, den; // other declarations go here > ; main0 Rational x(22,7); tout << "x = ' << x cc endl; tout << "x[l] = I << x[l] <<

Fig. 1-13

x[2] = " << x[21

Fig. 1-14

Thus, OldCustomer and NewCustomer are user-defined variables that will be used to represent records. Note that we have specified the maximum length of the string member, since strings do not have a predefined standard size. Thus, each record will consist of 26 bytes (20 bytes for the string member, 2 bytes for the integer member, and 4 bytes for the single-precision member).

<< endl;

Fig. 1-15

int& {

Rational: :operator[] (int i) if (i == 1) return num; if (i == 2) return den; cerr -c< "ERROR: index out of range\n"; exit(O);

Thus, in Fig. 1-16, m(st. /B) 180 . Note that the sides of a straight angle lie in the same straight line. But do not confuse a straight angle with a straight line!

The expression x [ 1 ] calls the subscript operator, passing 1 to i, which returns x . num. Similarly, x [ 2 ] returns x . den. If i has any value other than 1 or 2, then an error message is sent to cerr, the standard error stream, and then the exi t ( ) function is called. This example is artificial. There is no advantage to accessing the fields of the Rat ional object x with x [ 1 ] and x [ 2 ] instead of x . num and x . den. However, there are many important classes where the subscript is very useful. (See Problem 9.14.) Note that the subscript operator is an access function, since it provides pub1 ic access to private member data.

Fig. 1-16

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4

Fig. 1-17

Why can t the this pointer be used in nonmember functions Why should the overloaded assignment operator return * this What is the difference between the effects of the following two declarations: Rational y(x); Rational y = x; What is the difference between the effects of the following two lines: Rational y = x; Rational y; y = x;

Data items are read from a random access data file, one record at a time, via the Get # statement. This statement is written in general terms as

Thus, in Fig. 1-17, 180 is less than c and c is less than 360 ; this is symbolized as 180 < c < 360 .

9.8 9.9 9.10

Why should the stream operators -CC and >> be overloaded as friend functions Why should the arithmetic operators

1. Congruent angles are angles that have the same number of degrees. In other words, if m/A /A > /B.

+, -9

Fig. 1-18

How is the overloaded pre-increment operator distinguished from the overloaded postincrement operator

Fig. 1-19

9.11 Why is the int argument in the implementation of the post-increment operator left unnamed 9.12 What mechanism allows the overloaded subscript operator [ ]

Thus, in Fig. 1-19, if AD bisects /A, then /1 > /2. (Congruent angles may be shown by crossing their arcs with the same number of strokes. Here the arcs of 1 and 2 are crossed by a single stroke.)

assignment statement, like this: